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Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT /Stress Relieving)

Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) reduces the residual stresses formed during welding. It also restores the micro structure of the steel. Mandatory in high pressure applications, constructors have to strictly follow PWHT requirements to avoid compenent failures.

PWHT eliminates the effects by heating, soaking, and cooling the weld area in a controlled manner to temperatures below the first transformation point, giving the macro structure sufficient time to readjust to its original state and removing the recidual stress.

Ultrasonic Testing

Ultrasonic Examination of metals consists of passing sound waves through the material until they are reflected by an interface. If a flaw is present, or if an echo is picked up from the bottom surface of the materials, and indication is reflected on the instrument. ULTRASONICS is used in examining forged materials and some configuration of welds. Interpretation is done at the same time by the operators and for this reasons only highly skilled operators can be allowed to use the equipment if realiable results are to be obtained. Apart from detection, ULTRASONICS can readily be use to measure thickness of materials.

An important function that shop inspection (stationary and rotary equipment), site inspection and pre shipment inspection on Pipeline Systems (Oil, Gas & Liquefied Petrolium) can be carried out satisfactorily only by trusted and experienced inspectors whose integrity and competence are beyond doubt. The reliability and overall normal performance of inspection jobs are products of careful selection of the Inspection Company prossessing an excellent and untamished reputation and likewise, the effective intervention of a cohesive team of inspectors.

Long Range Ultrasonic Testing (LRUT)

Guided waves have been demonstrated as an effective method of the detecting corrosion defects.
Guided waves offer a cost-effective solution for rapid screening of pipes and pipelines.

Applications:

• Road and river crossings.
• Power plant tubing.
• Risers.
• Offshore topsides pipe work.
• Jetty lines.
• Refinery pipe work.
• Tank farm link lines.
• Sphere legs.
• Pipe bridges.
• Spiral welded pipe.
• Austenitic stainless steel.

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Magnetic Particle Examination method may be applied to detect cracks and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials.

Prior to magnetic particle examination , the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least one inch of the testing area shall be dry and free of all dirt, grease, scale, welding flux and spatter or extraneous matter that may interface with the examination. On completion of the above operation, the magnetic field may then be applied to the weld area. At least two separate examination shall be performed on each area. During the second examination the lines of magnetic flux shall be approximately perpendicular to those used during the first examination.

The magnetic field is to be "ON" during the application of the magnetic ink. At no time shall examination be examined 135 oF in temperature.
Indications will be revealed by retention of magnetic particles. All such indications are not necessarily imperfetion, however, since excessive surface roughness, magnetic permeability variations (such as the edge of heat affected zones) etc, may produce similar indications. If indications are believed to be non-relevant, each type of indication shall be explored to determine if relevant linear discontinuities are present.

Phased Array Ultranic Testing (PAUT)

The UT-Phased Array Technique is a process wherein data are generated by controller incremental variation of the ultrasonic beam angle in the azimuthal or lateral direction while scanning the object under examination.

This process offers an advantage over processes using conventional search units with fixed beam angles because it acquires considerably more information about the reflecting object by using more aspect angles in direct impingement.

Eddy Current Testing (ECT)

• Eddy current coil generates primary magnetic field.
• Primary magnetic field induces eddy currents in the material.
• Eddy currents generate secondary magnetic field in the opposite direction.
• Coil impedance charges, as a result.
• Impedance change is measured, analyzed and correlated with defect dimensions.

Welding Procedure Specification/PQR

This WPS PQR will be used as a reference for a welding operator, or welder, to perform welding work in accordance with the specified requirements. The WPS PQR contains the standards and codes (AP, ASME, AWS) that are used by the welder.